The Cent\u00adre for Di\u00adgi\u00adtal Cul\u00adtu\u00adres (CDC<\/a>) at Leuphana University<\/a> recently started releasing a collection of keywords (from post-media to copyfight), as part of its Critical Keywords for the Digital Humanities <\/i><\/a>project. I was invited to submit a contribution on open access<\/a>, which you can find underneath. All the keywords are available at the CDC website<\/a> under a CC-BY-SA license, and include contributions by Ned Rossiter, Mercedez Bunz and Yuk Hui, among others. Go and have a look!<\/p>\n From the Introduction:<\/strong><\/p>\n In the hu\u00adma\u00adnities, a re\u00adfle\u00adxi\u00adve and of\u00adten cri\u00adti\u00adcal use of vo\u00adca\u00adbu\u00adla\u00adry has so far been one of its key fea\u00adtures. With the rise of di\u00adgi\u00adtal me\u00addia and in\u00adfor\u00adma\u00adti\u00adon sys\u00adtems, new tech\u00adni\u00adcal forms of pro\u00adces\u00adsing con\u00adtent have emer\u00adged. From the per\u00adspec\u00adtive of the hu\u00adma\u00adnities, this has gi\u00adven way to di\u00adver\u00adgent in\u00adte\u00adrests and me\u00adtho\u00addo\u00adlo\u00adgies: On the one hand, de\u00adve\u00adlo\u00adping di\u00adgi\u00adtal tools for hu\u00adma\u00adnis\u00adtic re\u00adse\u00adarch al\u00adlows one to look at con\u00adtent dif\u00adfer\u00adent\u00adly (e.g. dis\u00adtant rea\u00adding). On the other hand, loo\u00adking cri\u00adti\u00adcal\u00adly at tech\u00adno\u00adlo\u00adgy in use al\u00adlows one to de\u00adli\u00adver a cul\u00adtu\u00adral ex\u00adpla\u00adna\u00adti\u00adon of our by now ubi\u00adqui\u00adtous di\u00adgi\u00adtal tech\u00adni\u00adques as de\u00admons\u00adtra\u00adted by soft\u00adware stu\u00addies. The Critical Keywords for the Digital Humanities<\/i> seek to com\u00adple\u00adment tho\u00adse new ap\u00adproa\u00adches of the di\u00adgi\u00adtal. For this, it ta\u00adkes up one of the hu\u00adma\u00adnities\u2019 tra\u00addi\u00adtio\u00adnal ap\u00adproach anew: the use of words.<\/p>\n As the tra\u00addi\u00adtio\u00adnal con\u00adcepts in the hu\u00adma\u00adnities find them\u00adsel\u00adves un\u00adder\u00admi\u00adned, this pro\u00adject in\u00adsists on J.L. Aus\u00adtin\u2019s pro\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00adti\u00adon that words do things<\/i>. This em\u00adpowers us to in\u00aditia\u00adte a dia\u00adlo\u00adgue wi\u00adt\u00adhin new in\u00adfor\u00adma\u00adtio\u00adnal con\u00adtexts. It opens up a space for in\u00adter\u00adven\u00adti\u00adons to res\u00adha\u00adpe in\u00adheri\u00adted mea\u00adnings and ques\u00adti\u00adon ap\u00adpearan\u00adces of aut\u00adho\u00adri\u00adty. Using this space, the collec\u00adtion in\u00adtro\u00addu\u00adces, dis\u00adcus\u00adses and po\u00adsi\u00adti\u00adons key\u00adwords lo\u00adca\u00adted at the in\u00adter\u00adsec\u00adtion of di\u00adgi\u00adta\u00adliza\u00adt\u00adi\u00adon and the hu\u00adma\u00adnities with the aim to chal\u00adlen\u00adge our so\u00adci\u00adal rea\u00adli\u00adties. As a two year pro\u00adject si\u00adtua\u00adted at the Cent\u00adre for Di\u00adgi\u00adtal Cul\u00adtu\u00adres, the Critical Keywords for the Digital Humanities<\/i> pro\u00advi\u00addes a snap\u00adshot of a cer\u00adtain time and con\u00adtext by ex\u00adplo\u00adring the key\u00adwords of our di\u00adgi\u00adtal cul\u00adtu\u00adres.<\/p>\n More here<\/a>.<\/p>\n Citation:<\/b> As a con\u00adcept and prac\u00adtice, open ac\u00adcess has al\u00adways been hea\u00advi\u00adly de\u00adba\u00adted; by open ac\u00adcess ad\u00advo\u00adca\u00adtes, but also by the wi\u00adder aca\u00adde\u00admic com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty as part of the de\u00adba\u00adte over the fu\u00adture of scho\u00adlar\u00adly com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adca\u00adti\u00adon. From an in\u00aditi\u00adal sub\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adve pro\u00adpo\u00adsal (Har\u00adnad), open ac\u00adcess has in\u00adcre\u00ada\u00adsin\u00adgly tur\u00adned into ac\u00adcep\u00adted prac\u00adtice, pro\u00admo\u00adted by go\u00advern\u00adments, in\u00adsti\u00adtu\u00adti\u00adons and busi\u00adnes\u00adses ali\u00adke. Howe\u00adver, whi\u00adle gro\u00adwing in po\u00adpu\u00adla\u00adri\u00adty, the strugg\u00adle over its spe\u00adci\u00adfic im\u00adple\u00admen\u00adta\u00adti\u00adon in pu\u00adblis\u00adhing and scho\u00adlar\u00adly com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adca\u00adti\u00adon is on\u00adgo\u00ading and per\u00adhaps even more ur\u00adgent than ever.<\/p>\n Open ac\u00adcess li\u00adte\u00adra\u00adtu\u00adre has been de\u00adfi\u00adned by Pe\u00adter Sub\u00ader, one of its grea\u00adtest ad\u00advo\u00adca\u00adtes, as “di\u00adgi\u00adtal, on\u00adline, free of char\u00adge, and free of most co\u00adpy\u00adright and li\u00adcen\u00adsing re\u00adstric\u00adtions” (Sub\u00ader 2012: p. 4). From the ear\u00adly 1990s on\u00adwards, the open ac\u00adcess mo\u00adve\u00adment \u2013 alt\u00adhough the term open ac\u00adcess was not yet used then \u2013 grew out of an in\u00aditia\u00adti\u00adve es\u00adta\u00adblis\u00adhed by aca\u00adde\u00admics, li\u00adbra\u00adri\u00adans, ma\u00adna\u00adgers and ad\u00admi\u00adnis\u00adtra\u00adtors. Some of the first fre\u00ade\u00adly avail\u00adable on\u00adline jour\u00adnals were laun\u00adched by aca\u00adde\u00admics du\u00adring that time, in\u00adclu\u00adding Ste\u00advan Har\u00adnad\u2019s Psycoloquy<\/i> (1989), Surfaces<\/i> by Jean-Clau\u00adde Gu\u00e8don (1991) and Postmodern Culture<\/i> by John Un\u00adsworth et al. (1990). Open Ac\u00adcess was in\u00aditia\u00adted and de\u00adve\u00adl\u00ado\u00adped wi\u00adt\u00adhin sci\u00adence, tech\u00adno\u00adlo\u00adgy, en\u00adgi\u00adnee\u00adring and ma\u00adthe\u00adma\u00adtics (STEM), whe\u00adre it fo\u00adcu\u00adsed main\u00adly on what is now de\u00adfi\u00adned as the Green Road to open ac\u00adcess. Here, aut\u00adhors self-ar\u00adchi\u00adve their re\u00adse\u00adarch works sub\u00admit\u00adted for peer re\u00adview (pre\u00adprints) or their fi\u00adnal peer-re\u00adview\u00aded ver\u00adsi\u00adons (post-prints) in cen\u00adtral, sub\u00adject or in\u00adsti\u00adtu\u00adtio\u00adnal\u00adly-ba\u00adsed re\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00adto\u00adries. For in\u00adstan\u00adce, in 1991, Paul Gin\u00adsparg star\u00adted the first free sci\u00aden\u00adti\u00adfic ar\u00adchi\u00adve for phy\u00adsi\u00adcists on\u00adline, ar\u00adXiv.org, and in 1997, Pubmed Cen\u00adtral was laun\u00adched ba\u00adsed on the life sci\u00aden\u00adces and bio\u00adme\u00addi\u00adcal da\u00adta\u00adba\u00adse MED\u00adLI\u00adNE. The other main (and com\u00adple\u00admen\u00adta\u00adry) rou\u00adte to open ac\u00adcess, the Gold Road, fo\u00adcu\u00adses on pu\u00adblis\u00adhing re\u00adse\u00adarch works in open ac\u00adcess jour\u00adnals, books or other ty\u00adpes of li\u00adte\u00adra\u00adtu\u00adre (Gu\u00e9don, 2004). For ex\u00adamp\u00adle, the Pu\u00adblic Li\u00adbra\u00adry of Sci\u00adence (PLoS), foun\u00added in 2000, is a non-pro\u00adfit open ac\u00adcess sci\u00aden\u00adti\u00adfic pu\u00adblis\u00adher ai\u00admed at crea\u00adting a li\u00adbra\u00adry of open ac\u00adcess jour\u00adnals \u2013 such as PLoS Bio\u00adlo\u00adgy \u2013 that ope\u00adra\u00adte un\u00adder an open con\u00adtent li\u00adcen\u00adse.<\/p>\n Next to the\u00adse dif\u00adfe\u00adrent rou\u00adtes to open ac\u00adcess, the\u00adre are also dif\u00adfe\u00adrent forms of open ac\u00adcess. Ma\u00adking re\u00adse\u00adarch more ac\u00adces\u00adsi\u00adble by ta\u00adking away pri\u00adce bar\u00adri\u00aders is known as pro\u00advi\u00adding Gratis<\/i> open ac\u00adcess. If some or most per\u00admis\u00adsi\u00adon or li\u00adcen\u00adsing bar\u00adri\u00aders to a work are re\u00admo\u00adved on top of that \u2013 ma\u00adking it more open and en\u00adab\u00adling its reu\u00adse for scho\u00adlar\u00adly or com\u00admer\u00adci\u00adal pur\u00adpo\u00adses \u2013 then Li\u00adbre open ac\u00adcess is pro\u00advi\u00added. The main open ac\u00adcess de\u00adfi\u00adni\u00adti\u00adons, to\u00adge\u00adther known as the \u2018BBB-de\u00adfi\u00adni\u00adti\u00adon\u2019, were agreed upon in three se\u00admi\u00adnal pu\u00adblic state\u00adments ba\u00adsed on mee\u00adtings of the mo\u00adve\u00adment\u2019s mem\u00adbers in Bu\u00adda\u00adpest, Be\u00adthes\u00adda and Ber\u00adlin. The\u00adse de\u00adfi\u00adni\u00adti\u00adons all com\u00adbi\u00adne Gra\u00adtis and Li\u00adbre open ac\u00adcess, al\u00adlo\u00adwing both ac\u00adcess and reu\u00adse of scho\u00adlar\u00adly con\u00adtent as long as the aut\u00adhor is pro\u00adper\u00adly at\u00adtri\u00adbu\u00adted.<\/p>\n As the va\u00adrious forms and ite\u00adra\u00adti\u00adons of open ac\u00adcess out\u00adli\u00adned above al\u00adre\u00ada\u00addy ex\u00adem\u00adpli\u00adfy, the open ac\u00adcess mo\u00adve\u00adment has been di\u00advi\u00added in its views on what open\u00adness is and how we should go about achie\u00adving it. No\u00adnethe\u00adl\u00adess, it has been united in its mis\u00adsi\u00adon to im\u00adpro\u00adve the con\u00addi\u00adti\u00adons un\u00adder which aca\u00adde\u00admic work can cir\u00adcu\u00adla\u00adte. Even though new di\u00adgi\u00adtal dis\u00adtri\u00adbu\u00adti\u00adon for\u00admats and me\u00adcha\u00adnisms in\u00adcre\u00ada\u00adsin\u00adgly of\u00adfe\u00adred op\u00adpor\u00adtu\u00adnities to make re\u00adse\u00adarch more wi\u00adde\u00adly ac\u00adces\u00adsi\u00adble, open ac\u00adcess ad\u00advo\u00adca\u00adtes argued that the tra\u00addi\u00adtio\u00adnal pu\u00adblis\u00adhing sys\u00adtem was no lon\u00adger able or wil\u00adling to ful\u00adfil their com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adca\u00adti\u00adon nee\u00adds. The\u00adre was also the wi\u00adde\u00ads\u00adpre\u00adad fee\u00adling (also known as the tax\u00adpay\u00aders ar\u00adgu\u00adment) that the pu\u00adblic should not be pay\u00ading twice for the same re\u00adse\u00adarch: once to fund its con\u00adduct and then again to buy ac\u00adcess to it from (com\u00admer\u00adci\u00adal) pu\u00adblis\u00adhers via li\u00adbra\u00adries or in\u00adsti\u00adtu\u00adtio\u00adnal sub\u00adscrip\u00adti\u00adons. Open ac\u00adcess can also be seen as a di\u00adrect re\u00adac\u00adtion against the on\u00adgo\u00ading com\u00admer\u00adcia\u00adli\u00adsa\u00adti\u00adon of re\u00adse\u00adarch and the pu\u00adblis\u00adhing in\u00addus\u00adtry. For in\u00adstan\u00adce, Har\u00advie et al. have argued against the prac\u00adtices of so-cal\u00adled ‘fe\u00adral’ pu\u00adblis\u00adhers, tar\u00adge\u00adting in par\u00adti\u00adcu\u00adlar the high pro\u00adfit mar\u00adgins and tax avo\u00adidance of In\u00adfor\u00adma, which in\u00adclu\u00addes the Tay\u00adlor & Fran\u00adcis and Rout\u00adledge im\u00adprints (Har\u00advie et al., 2012). Fur\u00adther\u00admo\u00adre, as part of the ‘Aca\u00adde\u00admic Spring’, al\u00admost 15,000 aca\u00adde\u00admics up to now have si\u00adgned the Cost of Knowledge<\/i> boy\u00adcott pe\u00adti\u00adti\u00adon to pro\u00adtest against El\u00adse\u00advier\u2019s busi\u00adness prac\u00adtices, ob\u00adjec\u00adting to its high jour\u00adnal sub\u00adscrip\u00adti\u00adons among other things.<\/p>\n For se\u00adveral de\u00adca\u00addes, jour\u00adnal sub\u00adscrip\u00adti\u00adon pri\u00adces have been ri\u00adsing far above their aver\u00adage cost, fas\u00adter than in\u00adfla\u00adti\u00adon and fas\u00adter than most\u00adly de\u00adcli\u00adning li\u00adbra\u00adry bud\u00adgets. This has trig\u00adge\u00adred a pri\u00adcing cri\u00adsis for scho\u00adlar\u00adly re\u00adse\u00adarch, first\u00adly in what we now know as the se\u00adri\u00adals cri\u00adsis, and sub\u00adse\u00adquent\u00adly in the mo\u00adno\u00adgraph cri\u00adsis, which pre\u00addo\u00admi\u00adnant\u00adly hit the hu\u00adma\u00adnities. As Sub\u00ader has argued, a pri\u00adcing cri\u00adsis also me\u00adans an ac\u00adcess cri\u00adsis, as li\u00adbra\u00adries are no lon\u00adger able to af\u00adford all the re\u00adse\u00adarch aca\u00adde\u00admics need (2012: pp. 29-30). The\u00adse ad\u00adver\u00adse con\u00addi\u00adti\u00adons also in\u00adcre\u00ada\u00adsin\u00adgly led to li\u00adbra\u00adries de\u00adci\u00adsi\u00adons to cut spen\u00adding on mo\u00adno\u00adgraphs to buy jour\u00adnals in STEM ins\u00adtead, de\u00ads\u00adpi\u00adte their ri\u00adsing sub\u00adscrip\u00adti\u00adon costs. This drop in li\u00adbra\u00adry de\u00admand for mo\u00adno\u00adgraphs has con\u00adse\u00adquent\u00adly led pres\u00adses to pro\u00addu\u00adce smal\u00adler print runs and fo\u00adcus more on mar\u00adketa\u00adble tit\u00adles. This has been de\u00adtri\u00admen\u00adtal for tho\u00adse (most\u00adly ear\u00adly-ca\u00adre\u00ader) re\u00adse\u00adar\u00adchers who de\u00adpend on book pu\u00adbli\u00adca\u00adti\u00adon for tenu\u00adre and pro\u00admo\u00adti\u00adon. Part\u00adly in re\u00ads\u00adpon\u00adse to this ‘mo\u00adno\u00adgraph cri\u00adsis’, a ri\u00adsing num\u00adber of scho\u00adlar\u00adly-, li\u00adbra\u00adry- and\/\u200bor uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty-press in\u00aditia\u00adti\u00adves are ex\u00adpe\u00adri\u00admen\u00adting more di\u00adrect\u00adly with ma\u00adking mo\u00adno\u00adgraphs avail\u00adable in open ac\u00adcess, in\u00adclu\u00adding scho\u00adlar-led pres\u00adses such as Open Hu\u00adma\u00adnities Press, and pres\u00adses es\u00adta\u00adblis\u00adhed by or working with li\u00adbra\u00adries, such as Atha\u00adbas\u00adca Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty\u2019s AU Press.<\/p>\n Genealogies of Openness <\/b><\/p>\n The his\u00adto\u00adry and rise of the idea of the ‘open’ that has in\u00adflu\u00aden\u00adced the de\u00adve\u00adlop\u00adment of the open ac\u00adcess mo\u00adve\u00adment re\u00admains con\u00adtested and in\u00addis\u00adtinct. Open ac\u00adcess can be seen as an offspring of the wi\u00adder open sour\u00adce mo\u00adve\u00adment, but has also been in\u00adflu\u00aden\u00adced by long\u00adstan\u00adding prac\u00adtices and dis\u00adcour\u00adses of open sci\u00adence and open aut\u00adhor\u00adship. A lot of con\u00adfu\u00adsi\u00adon exists about what open\u00adness is, what it me\u00adans, and whe\u00adther it is a goal in its\u00adelf or a me\u00adans to an end. Na\u00adtha\u00adni\u00adel Tkacz, for in\u00adstan\u00adce, in tra\u00adc\u00ading the ge\u00adnea\u00adlo\u00adgy of open\u00adness back to Karl Pop\u00adper’s work (among others), ar\u00adgues that in the cur\u00adrent pro\u00adli\u00adfe\u00adra\u00adti\u00adon and fe\u00adtis\u00adhi\u00adsa\u00adti\u00adon of open\u00adness as an in\u00adscru\u00adta\u00adble po\u00adli\u00adti\u00adcal ide\u00adal and goal in its\u00adelf, it me\u00adrely func\u00adtions as the po\u00adsi\u00adti\u00adve an\u00adti\u00addo\u00adte to an em\u00adpty bi\u00adna\u00adry; na\u00adme\u00adly, clo\u00adsed\u00adness, the clo\u00adsed so\u00adcie\u00adty, or clo\u00adsed po\u00adli\u00adtics. Open\u00adness has be\u00adco\u00adme an un\u00adcon\u00adtested, but em\u00adpty ob\u00adjec\u00adtive, in its in\u00adscru\u00adta\u00adbi\u00adli\u00adty re\u00ada\u00addy to be ta\u00adken up by a va\u00adrie\u00adty of dif\u00adfe\u00adrent groups all clai\u00adming it as their own, from Goog\u00adle to The Open Know\u00adledge Foun\u00adda\u00adti\u00adon. Open\u00adness, ba\u00adsed on this Pop\u00adpe\u00adri\u00adan ge\u00adnea\u00adlo\u00adgy, is thus main\u00adly seen as a re\u00adac\u00adtion against clo\u00adsed sys\u00adtems and sour\u00adces; ob\u00adfu\u00ads\u00adca\u00adting, as Tkacz sta\u00adtes, the clo\u00adsures that open\u00adness also ne\u00adces\u00adsa\u00adri\u00adly im\u00adplies (Tkacz, 2012: pp. 386, 399).<\/p>\n Other ge\u00adnea\u00adlo\u00adgies fo\u00adcus more on the di\u00adver\u00adse mo\u00adti\u00adva\u00adtions, as well as cri\u00adti\u00adques, that have in\u00adfor\u00admed open\u00adness his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adcal\u00adly, in\u00adclu\u00adding from wi\u00adt\u00adhin the open ac\u00adcess mo\u00adve\u00adment. Here, the fo\u00adcus is on the com\u00adple\u00adxi\u00adty of open\u00adness its\u00adelf, and the way it can\u00adnot sim\u00adply ser\u00adve as one side of an \u2018open-clo\u00adsed\u2019 bi\u00adna\u00adry, sin\u00adce it has al\u00adways al\u00adre\u00ada\u00addy been clo\u00adse\u00adly en\u00adme\u00ads\u00adhed with clo\u00adsed\u00adness as well as with its other pro\u00adpo\u00adsed ant\u00adago\u00adnists. For in\u00adstan\u00adce, Chris\u00adto\u00adpher Kel\u00adty has argued that in the open sour\u00adce mo\u00adve\u00adment, open\u00adness is not op\u00adpo\u00adsed to clo\u00adsed\u00adness, but to pro\u00adprieta\u00adry, which he ar\u00adgues, is a “com\u00adpli\u00adca\u00adted mesh of the tech\u00adni\u00adcal, the le\u00adgal and the com\u00admer\u00adci\u00adal” (Kel\u00adty, 2008: p. 143). This ent\u00adan\u00adg\u00adled de\u00adve\u00adlop\u00adment of open\u00adness also co\u00admes to the fore in re\u00adcent his\u00adto\u00adry of sci\u00adence stu\u00addies. Pa\u00adme\u00adla Long, for in\u00adstan\u00adce, has shown how his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adcal\u00adly open\u00adness de\u00adve\u00adl\u00ado\u00adped in con\u00adnec\u00adtion to ide\u00adas and prac\u00adtices of se\u00adcrecy, aut\u00adhor\u00adship, and pro\u00adper\u00adty rights along\u00ads\u00adide the es\u00adta\u00adblish\u00adment of print and the prin\u00adted scho\u00adlar\u00adly book in the West (Long, 2001). His\u00adto\u00adri\u00adcal re\u00adse\u00adarch into the de\u00adve\u00adlop\u00adment of ear\u00adly mo\u00addern na\u00adtu\u00adral phi\u00adlo\u00adso\u00adphy shows a com\u00adplex pic\u00adtu\u00adre, nu\u00adan\u00adcing the op\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00adti\u00adon bet\u00adween open sci\u00adence and se\u00adcre\u00adti\u00adve tech\u00adno\u00adlo\u00adgy, see\u00ading open\u00adness in sci\u00adence as in\u00adtri\u00adca\u00adte and en\u00adme\u00ads\u00adhed.<\/p>\n The\u00adse al\u00adter\u00adna\u00adti\u00adve ge\u00adnea\u00adlo\u00adgies of open\u00adness also shed a dif\u00adfe\u00adrent light on the Mer\u00adto\u00adni\u00adan ide\u00adal of open sci\u00adence (com\u00admu\u00adnism) that has ac\u00adcom\u00adpa\u00adnied our nar\u00adra\u00adti\u00adves of mo\u00addern re\u00adse\u00adarch, whe\u00adre as part of its prac\u00adtical his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adcal de\u00adve\u00adlop\u00adment, open\u00adness and se\u00adcrecy can be seen to have co-de\u00adve\u00adl\u00ado\u00adped in chan\u00adging con\u00addi\u00adti\u00adons of power, pa\u00adtro\u00adna\u00adge, and tech\u00adno\u00adlo\u00adgi\u00adcal de\u00adve\u00adlop\u00adment. No\u00adnethe\u00adl\u00adess, the spe\u00adci\u00adfic con\u00adtext in which the open ac\u00adcess mo\u00adve\u00adment de\u00adve\u00adl\u00ado\u00adped \u2013 re\u00adla\u00adted to de\u00adve\u00adlop\u00adments in (di\u00adgi\u00adtal) tech\u00adno\u00adlo\u00adgy, the exis\u00adting cul\u00adtu\u00adres of know\u00adledge and un\u00adfa\u00advoura\u00adble eco\u00adno\u00admic and ma\u00adte\u00adri\u00adal con\u00addi\u00adti\u00adons \u2013 re\u00adqui\u00adres us to take into ac\u00adcount the in\u00adflu\u00adence of both this long\u00adstan\u00adding nar\u00adra\u00adti\u00adve on ‘open’ scho\u00adlar\u00adship, as well as the day-to-day prac\u00adtica\u00adli\u00adties of ent\u00adan\u00adg\u00adled se\u00adcrecy and power re\u00adla\u00adti\u00adons.<\/p>\n Contested Terms<\/b><\/p>\n The mea\u00adning of open\u00adness as re\u00adflec\u00adted wi\u00adt\u00adhin the ter\u00admi\u00adno\u00adlo\u00adgy sur\u00adroun\u00adding open ac\u00adcess (green, gold, gra\u00adtis, li\u00adbre, etc.) con\u00adti\u00adnues to be a high\u00adly char\u00adged to\u00adpic. For many ad\u00advo\u00adca\u00adtes, the de\u00adba\u00adte about the ‘true’ de\u00adfi\u00adni\u00adti\u00adon and ‘cor\u00adrect’ im\u00adple\u00admen\u00adta\u00adti\u00adon of open ac\u00adcess is of cri\u00adti\u00adcal im\u00adport\u00adan\u00adce for the fu\u00adture of aca\u00adde\u00admia. The on\u00adgo\u00ading dis\u00adpu\u00adte over ter\u00admi\u00adno\u00adlo\u00adgy is thus of a high\u00adly strategic<\/i> cha\u00adrac\u00adter. For some, the free on\u00adline avail\u00ada\u00adbi\u00adli\u00adty of all scho\u00adlar\u00adly re\u00adse\u00adarch is the most im\u00adportant goal of open ac\u00adcess; whe\u00adre for others, ac\u00adcess is only the be\u00adgin\u00adning or a me\u00adans to an end (re-use, data-mi\u00adning, ex\u00adpe\u00adri\u00admen\u00adta\u00adti\u00adon, etc.). Ste\u00advan Har\u00adnad, howe\u00adver, ar\u00adgues that more ex\u00adpan\u00adsi\u00adve and dis\u00adpu\u00adted forms of open ac\u00adcess that can po\u00adten\u00adti\u00adal\u00adly chal\u00adlen\u00adge the in\u00adte\u00adgri\u00adty of a work, such as Li\u00adbre open ac\u00adcess, are stan\u00adding in the way of the main\u00adstream ac\u00adcep\u00adtan\u00adce of the pro\u00adject of uni\u00adver\u00adsal ac\u00adcess (Har\u00adnad, 2012b). On the other hand, man\u00adda\u00adting Green open ac\u00adcess might ul\u00adti\u00admate\u00adly mean the im\u00adple\u00admen\u00adta\u00adti\u00adon of a wa\u00adte\u00adred-down ver\u00adsi\u00adon of open ac\u00adcess, not al\u00adlo\u00adwing re-use rights nor fun\u00adda\u00admen\u00adtal\u00adly chal\u00adlen\u00adging or chan\u00adging the pre\u00adsent (com\u00admer\u00adci\u00adal) pu\u00adblis\u00adhing sys\u00adtem. Howe\u00adver, the cur\u00adrent prac\u00adtical im\u00adple\u00admen\u00adta\u00adti\u00adon of a va\u00adri\u00adant of Gold open ac\u00adcess in the UK does not seem to of\u00adfer much so\u00adlace eit\u00adher. In what has be\u00adco\u00adme known as The Finch Report <\/i>(June 2012) \u2013 an in\u00adde\u00adpen\u00addent stu\u00addy com\u00admis\u00adsio\u00adned by the UK sci\u00adence mi\u00adnis\u00adter Da\u00advid Wil\u00adletts, ex\u00adami\u00adning how UK-fun\u00added re\u00adse\u00adarch ?ndings can be made more ac\u00adces\u00adsi\u00adble \u2013 re\u00adcom\u00admen\u00adda\u00adti\u00adons have been made (which will in\u00adform the UK go\u00advern\u00adment\u2019s open ac\u00adcess po\u00adli\u00adcy) which in\u00adclu\u00adde the fur\u00adther im\u00adple\u00admen\u00adta\u00adti\u00adon of ar\u00adti\u00adcle pro\u00adces\u00adsing char\u00adges for the open ac\u00adcess pu\u00adblis\u00adhing of jour\u00adnals. This re\u00adcom\u00admen\u00adda\u00adti\u00adon can be seen to main\u00adtain and fa\u00advour the sys\u00adtem of com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adca\u00adti\u00adon as cur\u00adrent\u00adly set up, pro\u00adtec\u00adting the in\u00adte\u00adrests of es\u00adta\u00adblis\u00adhed sta\u00adke\u00adhol\u00adders, main\u00adly com\u00admer\u00adci\u00adal pu\u00adblis\u00adhers. For in this sys\u00adtem, the pu\u00adblis\u00adhers\u2019 pro\u00adfits will be sustai\u00adned via APCs, whe\u00adre in, for in\u00adstan\u00adce, Green open ac\u00adcess, de\u00adpo\u00adsit\u00ading of ar\u00adti\u00adcles in re\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00adto\u00adries will not re\u00adqui\u00adre any char\u00adge. Har\u00adnad has thus al\u00adre\u00ada\u00addy cal\u00adled The Finch Report<\/i> a case of ‘suc\u00adcess\u00adful lob\u00adby\u00ading’ from the side of the pu\u00adblis\u00adhing in\u00addus\u00adtry (Har\u00adnad, 2012a).<\/p>\n Sustainable Business Models <\/b><\/p>\n The se\u00adarch for the right de\u00adfi\u00adni\u00adti\u00adon of open ac\u00adcess has in\u00adcre\u00ada\u00adsin\u00adgly tur\u00adned into a quest for the ul\u00adti\u00adma\u00adte sustainable open ac\u00adcess busi\u00adness mo\u00addel, ba\u00adsed on the idea that the print-ba\u00adsed sub\u00adscrip\u00adti\u00adon mo\u00addel (es\u00adpe\u00adcial\u00adly in the hu\u00adma\u00adnities) is no lon\u00adger sustainable, and that the (long-term) sustaina\u00adbi\u00adli\u00adty of open ac\u00adcess still nee\u00adds to pro\u00adve its\u00adelf. Howe\u00adver, de\u00ads\u00adpi\u00adte this cri\u00adti\u00adcism, one could also ar\u00adgue that the print-ba\u00adsed mo\u00addel has ne\u00adver been sustainable and that spe\u00adcia\u00adli\u00adsed and book-ba\u00adsed re\u00adse\u00adarch in the hu\u00adma\u00adnities es\u00adpe\u00adcial\u00adly has ne\u00adver been mar\u00adketa\u00adble or self-sustai\u00adning and al\u00adways re\u00adli\u00aded on some form of ad\u00addi\u00adtio\u00adnal fun\u00adding (Ade\u00adma, 2010).<\/p>\n Chris\u00adti\u00adan Fuchs and Ma\u00adri\u00adsol San\u00addo\u00adval thus ar\u00adgue for the ad\u00adap\u00adta\u00adti\u00adon of\u00adthe so-cal\u00adled Dia\u00admond (also known as pla\u00adti\u00adnum) mo\u00addel, a va\u00adri\u00adant of the Gold open ac\u00adcess mo\u00addel that does not char\u00adge any fee to aut\u00adhors or re\u00ada\u00adders, nor to their in\u00adsti\u00adtu\u00adti\u00adons. In this mo\u00addel, Fuchs and San\u00addo\u00adval sta\u00adte, re\u00adse\u00adarch is pu\u00adblis\u00adhed in open ac\u00adcess ‘wi\u00adthout the com\u00admo\u00addi\u00adty lo\u00adgic’, ar\u00adguing that any form of for-pro\u00adfit open ac\u00adcess will crea\u00adte new aca\u00adde\u00admic in\u00ade\u00adqua\u00adli\u00adties of ac\u00adcess bet\u00adween the ha\u00adves and have nots (Fuchs and San\u00addo\u00adval, 2013: p. 439). Here the fo\u00adcus is on the ne\u00adces\u00adsi\u00adty of pu\u00adblic fun\u00adding, and on the idea that open ac\u00adcess busi\u00adness mo\u00addels need to be sub\u00adsi\u00addi\u00adsed. The sustaina\u00adbi\u00adli\u00adty or even pro\u00adfi\u00adta\u00adbi\u00adli\u00adty of scho\u00adlar\u00adly pu\u00adblis\u00adhing in ge\u00adne\u00adral is ques\u00adtio\u00adned in this con\u00adtext, whe\u00adre the ar\u00adgu\u00adment is that pu\u00adblis\u00adhing costs should be an in\u00adte\u00adgral part of the costs of re\u00adse\u00adarch.<\/p>\n Neoliberal Rhetoric <\/b><\/p>\n The pro\u00ads\u00adpects of open ac\u00adcess in many ways de\u00adpend on how open ac\u00adcess has been and is cur\u00adrent\u00adly per\u00adcei\u00adved. As be\u00adco\u00admes cle\u00adar from above, open\u00adness can be seen as a floa\u00adting si\u00adgni\u00adfier (La\u00adclau, 2005: pp. 129-155), a con\u00adcept wi\u00adthout a fi\u00adxed mea\u00adning, ea\u00adsi\u00adly ad\u00adop\u00adted by dif\u00adfe\u00adrent po\u00adli\u00adti\u00adcal ideo\u00adlo\u00adgies. For some, it is ex\u00adact\u00adly this ‘open\u00adness’ of open ac\u00adcess that be\u00adco\u00admes pro\u00adble\u00adma\u00adtic. Whe\u00adre in\u00aditi\u00adal\u00adly the open ac\u00adcess and open sour\u00adce mo\u00adve\u00adments were he\u00adral\u00added by pro\u00adgres\u00adsi\u00adve scho\u00adlars and thin\u00adkers as a cri\u00adtique of the com\u00admo\u00addi\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adti\u00adon of in\u00adfor\u00adma\u00adti\u00adon and know\u00adledge (Ber\u00adry, 2008: p. 39), in\u00adcre\u00ada\u00adsin\u00adgly open\u00adness is seen as a con\u00adcept and a prac\u00adtice that has and can be ap\u00adp\u00adlied in va\u00adrious po\u00adli\u00adti\u00adcal con\u00adtexts\u2014most no\u00adta\u00adb\u00adly as part of a neo\u00adli\u00adbe\u00adral rhe\u00adto\u00adric\u2014and that can be con\u00adnec\u00adted to ide\u00adas of trans\u00adpa\u00adren\u00adcy and ef\u00adfi\u00adci\u00aden\u00adcy he\u00adral\u00added by busi\u00adness and go\u00advern\u00adment. This has been re\u00adla\u00adted to the ‘open\u00adness’ of the con\u00adcept and its mul\u00adti\u00adpli\u00adci\u00adty of ad\u00adap\u00adta\u00adti\u00adons (Eve, 2013; Tkacz, 2012). For in\u00adstan\u00adce, as part of neo\u00adli\u00adbe\u00adral rhe\u00adto\u00adric, open ac\u00adcess is seen as sup\u00adporting a com\u00adpe\u00adti\u00adti\u00adve eco\u00adno\u00admy by ma\u00adking the flow of in\u00adfor\u00adma\u00adti\u00adon more ef\u00adfi\u00adci\u00adent, trans\u00adpa\u00adrent and cost-ef\u00adfec\u00adtive, and by ma\u00adking re\u00adse\u00adarch more ac\u00adces\u00adsi\u00adble to more peop\u00adle. This ma\u00adkes it easy for know\u00adledge, as a form of ca\u00adpi\u00adtal, to be ta\u00adken up by busi\u00adnes\u00adses for com\u00admer\u00adci\u00adal re-use, sti\u00admu\u00adla\u00adting eco\u00adno\u00admic in\u00adno\u00adva\u00adti\u00adon. In this way, the re\u00adse\u00adarch pro\u00adcess and its re\u00adsults can be ef\u00adfi\u00adci\u00adent\u00adly mo\u00adni\u00adto\u00adred and can be bet\u00adter made ac\u00adcoun\u00adta\u00adble as mea\u00adsura\u00adble out\u00adputs (Ade\u00adma, 2010; Hall, 2008; Hough\u00adton, 2009).<\/p>\n No\u00adnethe\u00adl\u00adess, As Gary Hall ar\u00adgues, the\u00adre is not\u00adhing in\u00adtrin\u00adsi\u00adcal\u00adly po\u00adli\u00adti\u00adcal or de\u00admo\u00adcra\u00adtic about open ac\u00adcess (2008: p. 197). Mo\u00adti\u00adva\u00adtions be\u00adhind open ac\u00adcess are very di\u00adver\u00adse, and mo\u00adti\u00adves that fo\u00adcus on de\u00admo\u00adcra\u00adtic prin\u00adci\u00adples go hand in hand with neo\u00adli\u00adbe\u00adral ar\u00adgu\u00adments con\u00adcerning the be\u00adne\u00adfits of open ac\u00adcess for the know\u00adledge eco\u00adno\u00admy. In\u00adde\u00aded, open ac\u00adcess, open\u00adness and open sci\u00adence have been theo\u00adri\u00adsed and prac\u00adticed in ra\u00addi\u00adcal\u00adly dif\u00adfe\u00adrent, al\u00adter\u00adna\u00adti\u00adve, cri\u00adti\u00adcal and af\u00adfir\u00adma\u00adti\u00adve ways wi\u00adt\u00adhin aca\u00adde\u00admia, of\u00adfe\u00adring a po\u00adten\u00adti\u00adal coun\u00adter\u00adweight to the pre\u00addo\u00admi\u00adnan\u00adce of neo\u00adli\u00adbe\u00adral forms of open ac\u00adcess as well as pro\u00advi\u00adding new ways of thin\u00adking about po\u00adli\u00adtics (Ade\u00adma and Hall, 2013; Eve, 2013; Hall, 2008; Holm\u00adwood, 2013b).<\/p>\n Alt\u00adhough it is the open\u00adness of the con\u00adcept of open ac\u00adcess that brings with it a risk of un\u00adcer\u00adtain\u00adty towards its (fu\u00adture) ad\u00adap\u00adta\u00adti\u00adons, it can also be seen as that which pro\u00advi\u00addes its po\u00adten\u00adti\u00adal po\u00adli\u00adti\u00adcal power. For ex\u00adamp\u00adle, the con\u00adtin\u00adgent and con\u00adtextu\u00adal forms of what can be cal\u00adled ra\u00addi\u00adcal open ac\u00adcess fo\u00adcus on ex\u00adpe\u00adri\u00admen\u00adta\u00adti\u00adon, and the ex\u00adplo\u00adra\u00adti\u00adon of new in\u00adsti\u00adtu\u00adti\u00adons and prac\u00adtices. This ap\u00adproach towards open\u00adness, ex\u00adplo\u00adring new for\u00admats and sti\u00admu\u00adla\u00adting sharing and re-use, can be seen as a ra\u00addi\u00adcal al\u00adter\u00adna\u00adti\u00adve to and cri\u00adtique of the busi\u00adness ethics un\u00adder\u00adly\u00ading in\u00adno\u00adva\u00adtions in the know\u00adledge eco\u00adno\u00admy, ques\u00adtio\u00adn\u00ading the sys\u00adtem of (com\u00admer\u00adci\u00adal) aca\u00adde\u00admic pu\u00adblis\u00adhing as it is cur\u00adrent\u00adly set up. Forms of ra\u00addi\u00adcal open ac\u00adcess can also be seen to of\u00adfer an af\u00adfir\u00adma\u00adti\u00adve en\u00adga\u00adge\u00adment with open ac\u00adcess by es\u00adta\u00adblis\u00adhing prac\u00adtical and ex\u00adpe\u00adri\u00admen\u00adtal (and in many ca\u00adses also scho\u00adlar-led) al\u00adter\u00adna\u00adti\u00adves to the pre\u00adsent pu\u00adblis\u00adhing sys\u00adtem. Me\u00addia Com\u00admons and Me\u00addia Com\u00admons Press are ex\u00adam\u00adples here of scho\u00adlar-led in\u00aditia\u00adti\u00adves ex\u00adpe\u00adri\u00admen\u00adting with new forms of pu\u00adblis\u00adhing and col\u00adla\u00adbo\u00adra\u00adti\u00adon. For many of the\u00adse in\u00aditia\u00adti\u00adves, open ac\u00adcess also forms the star\u00adting point for a wi\u00adder cri\u00adtique and in\u00adter\u00adro\u00adga\u00adti\u00adon of our in\u00adsti\u00adtu\u00adti\u00adons, prac\u00adtices, no\u00adti\u00adons of aut\u00adhor\u00adship, the book, and pu\u00adbli\u00adca\u00adti\u00adon. For ex\u00adamp\u00adle, Open Hu\u00adma\u00adnities Press\u2019s Li\u00adving Books About Life se\u00adries is open on a read\/\u200bwri\u00adte ba\u00adsis for con\u00adti\u00adnuing col\u00adla\u00adbo\u00adra\u00adti\u00adve pro\u00adces\u00adses of wri\u00adting, edit\u00ading, re\u00admi\u00adxing and com\u00admen\u00adting, chal\u00adlen\u00adging the phy\u00adsi\u00adcal and con\u00adcep\u00adtu\u00adal li\u00admi\u00adta\u00adti\u00adons of the co\u00addex for\u00admat and re\u00adthin\u00adking the book as an open, li\u00adving and col\u00adla\u00adbo\u00adra\u00adti\u00adve pro\u00adcess.<\/p>\n The po\u00adten\u00adti\u00adal of ra\u00addi\u00adcal open ac\u00adcess thus lies in how it en\u00advi\u00adsi\u00adons open ac\u00adcess as an on\u00adgo\u00ading cri\u00adti\u00adcal pro\u00adject, em\u00adbra\u00adc\u00ading its own in\u00adcon\u00adsis\u00adten\u00adcies and batt\u00adling with its own con\u00adcep\u00adti\u00adons of open\u00adness. Fol\u00adlo\u00adwing this vi\u00adsi\u00adon, open ac\u00adcess should be un\u00adders\u00adtood not as a ho\u00admo\u00adge\u00adneous pro\u00adject stri\u00adving to be\u00adco\u00adme a do\u00admi\u00adnant mo\u00addel, nor as a con\u00adcept with a pre-de\u00adscri\u00adbed mea\u00adning or ideo\u00adlo\u00adgy, but as a pro\u00adject with an un\u00adk\u00adnown out\u00adco\u00adme en\u00adga\u00adged in a con\u00adti\u00adnuous se\u00adries of cri\u00adti\u00adcal strugg\u00adles. And this is ex\u00adact\u00adly why we can\u00adnot pin down \u2018open\u2019 (nor ra\u00addi\u00adcal open ac\u00adcess) as a con\u00adcept, but why we need to lea\u00adve it open, open to other\u00adness and dif\u00adfe\u00adrence, and open to ad\u00adapt to dif\u00adfe\u00adrent cir\u00adcum\u00adstan\u00adces.<\/p>\n Ade\u00adma, J. (2010): Open Access Business Models for Books in the Humanities and Social Sciences: An Overview of Initiatives and Experiments<\/i> (OA\u00adPEN Pro\u00adject Re\u00adport), Ams\u00adter\u00addam.<\/p>\n Ade\u00adma, J. and Hall, G. (2013): ‘The Po\u00adli\u00adti\u00adcal Na\u00adtu\u00adre of the Book: On Ar\u00adtists\u2019 Books and Ra\u00addi\u00adcal Open Ac\u00adcess’, in: New Formations<\/i> 78 (1), pp. 138\u2013156.<\/p>\n Ber\u00adry, D. M. (2008): Copy, Rip, Burn: The Politics of Copyleft and Open Source<\/i>, Plu\u00adto Press.<\/p>\n Eve, M. P. (2013): ‘Open Ac\u00adcess, “Neo\u00adli\u00adbe\u00adra\u00adlism”, “Im\u00adpact” and the Pri\u00adva\u00adti\u00adsa\u00adti\u00adon of Know\u00adledge’, Dr. Martin Paul Eve blog<\/i>, 10 March, avail\u00adable at: https:\/\/www.martineve.com\/2013\/03\/10\/open-access-neoliberalism-impact-and-the-privatisation-of-knowledge\/<\/a><\/p>\n Fuchs, C. and San\u00addo\u00adval, M. (2013): ‘The Dia\u00admond Mo\u00addel of Open Ac\u00adcess Pu\u00adblis\u00adhing: Why Po\u00adli\u00adcy Ma\u00adkers, Scho\u00adlars, Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adties, Li\u00adbra\u00adries, La\u00adbour Uni\u00adons and the Pu\u00adblis\u00adhing World Need to Take Non-Com\u00admer\u00adci\u00adal, Non-Pro\u00adfit Open Ac\u00adcess Se\u00adrious’, in: tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society<\/i> 11 (2), pp. 428\u2013443.<\/p>\n Gu\u00e9don, J.C. (2004): ‘The \u201cGreen\u201d and \u201cGold\u201d Roads to Open Ac\u00adcess: The Case for Mi\u00adxing and Matching’, in: Serials Review<\/i> 30 (4), pp. 315\u2013328.<\/p>\n Hall, G. (2008): Digitize this Book!: The Politics of New Media, or Why We Need Open Access Now<\/i>, Min\u00adnea\u00adpo\u00adlis: Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adty of Min\u00adne\u00adso\u00adta Press.<\/p>\n Har\u00adnad, S. (2012a): ‘Finch Re\u00adport, a Tro\u00adjan Hor\u00adse, Ser\u00adves Pu\u00adblis\u00adhing In\u00addus\u00adtry In\u00adte\u00adrests Ins\u00adtead of UK Re\u00adse\u00adarch In\u00adte\u00adrests’, in: Open Access Archivangelism<\/i>, June 19, avail\u00adable at: http:\/\/openaccess.eprints.org\/index.php?\/archives\/904-Finch-Report,-a-Trojan-Horse,-Serves-Publishing-Industry-Interests-Instead-of-UK-Research-Interests.html<\/a><\/p>\n Har\u00adnad, S. (2012b): ‘Open Ac\u00adcess: Gra\u00adtis and Li\u00adbre’, in: Open Access Archivangelism<\/i>, May 3, avail\u00adable at: http:\/\/openaccess.eprints.org\/index.php?\/archives\/885-Open-Access-Gratis-and-Libre.html<\/a><\/p>\n
\n
\nOpen Access<\/h1>\n
Janneke Adema<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
\nAdema, J. (2014): “Open Access”, in: Critical Keywords for the Digital Humanities<\/i>, available at: cdckeywords.leuphana.com\/open_access<\/a><\/p>\nDefinition<\/h3>\n
\nCritical Debates<\/h3>\n
\nFutures: Radical Open Access<\/h3>\n
\nReferences<\/h3>\n
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